Price Perception Scales (PPS-Price)

A comprehensive psychometric review of the Price Perception Scales (PPS-Price) by Lichtenstein, Ridgway, and Netemeyer...

September 11, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti

Consumer Styles Inventory

The Consumer Styles Inventory (CSI), developed by Sproles and Kendall (1986), is the standard psychometric...

September 11, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti

Meaning of Branded Products Scale

The Meaning of Branded Products Scale (MBPS) is a cross-nationally validated psychometric instrument measuring consumer...

September 11, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti